Brenda Gayle Plummer
Race and foreign affairs have intersected at numerous points in U.S. history. Officials in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were not always explicitly aware of the impact of race on foreign relations or on their own decision making, but its impact on historical events is demonstrable. Beginning with the American Revolution and continuing through the twentieth century, race influenced what the United States did and how it pursued its interests abroad.
Ahrari, Mohammed E., ed. Ethnic Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy. New York, 1987.
Blackett, R. J. M. Building an Antislavery Wall: Black Americans in the Atlantic Abolitionist Movement, 1830β1860. Baton Rouge, La., 1983.
Borstelmann, Thomas. Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle. New York, 1993.
Collum, Danny Duncan, ed. African Americans in the Spanish Civil War: "This Ain't Ethiopia, but It'll Do." New York, 1992.
DeConde, Alexander. Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History. Boston, 1992.
Du Bois, W. E. B. "Inter-Racial Implications of the Ethiopian Crisis: A Negro View." Foreign Affairs 14 (October 1935): 82β92.
Dudziak, Mary L. "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative." Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61β120.
ββ. Cold War Civil Rights. Princeton, N.J., 2000.
Fairclough, Adam. "Martin Luther King Jr. and the War in Vietnam." Phylon 45, no. 1 (1984): 19β39.
FΓΌredi, Frank. The Silent War: Imperialism and the Changing Perception of Race. New Brunswick, N.J., 1998.
Gatewood, Willard B. Black Americans and the White Man's Burden, 1898β1903. Urbana, Ill., 1975.
Hannaford, Ivan. Race: The History of an Idea in the West. Washington, D.C., 1996.
Harris, Robert L., Jr. "Racial Equality and the United Nations Charter." In Armstead L. Robinson and Patricia Sullivan, eds. New Directions in Civil Rights Studies. Charlottesville, Va., 1991.
Horne, Gerald. Black and Red: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944β1963. Albany, N.Y., 1986.
Hunt, Michael H. Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy. New Haven, Conn., 1987.
Isaacs, Harold Robert. The New World of Negro Americans. New York, 1964.
Krenn, Michael L. Black Diplomacy: African Americans and the State Department, 1945β1969. Armonk, N.Y., 1999.
Krenn, Michael L., ed. The Impact of Race on U.S. Foreign Policy: A Reader. New York, 1999.
Lauren, Paul Gordon. Power and Prejudice: The Politics and Diplomacy of Racial Discrimination. 2d ed. Boulder, Colo., 1996.
Lockwood, Bert, Jr. "The UN Charter and U.S. Civil Rights Litigation: 1946β1955." Iowa Law Review 5 (1984): 901β956.
Noer, Thomas J. Cold War and Black Liberation: The United States and White Rule in Africa, 1948β1968. Columbia, Mo., 1985.
Plummer, Brenda G. Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935β1960. Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996.
Smith, Tony. Foreign Attachments: The Power of Ethnic Groups in the Making of American Foreign Policy. Cambridge, Mass., 2000.
Weston, Rubin Francis. Racism in U.S. Imperialism: The Influence of Racial Assumptions on American Foreign Policy, 1893β1946. Columbia, S.C., 1972.
See also Civil War Diplomacy ; Peace Movements ; Race and Ethnicity .
Comment about this article, ask questions, or add new information about this topic: